Implementing Policy as Code with Open Policy Agent

When to Use

• When enforcing organizational security policies across Kubernetes clusters programmatically
• When requiring admission control that blocks non-compliant resources from being created
• When implementing policy governance that can be version-controlled, tested, and audited
• When standardizing security rules across multiple clusters and environments
• When needing a flexible policy engine that extends beyond Kubernetes to APIs and CI/CD

Do not use for vulnerability scanning (use Trivy/Checkov), for runtime threat detection (use Falco), or for network policy enforcement (use Kubernetes NetworkPolicy or Calico).

Prerequisites

• Kubernetes cluster with admin access for Gatekeeper installation
• Helm for Gatekeeper deployment
• OPA CLI or conftest for local policy testing
• Rego knowledge for policy authoring

Workflow

Step 1: Install OPA Gatekeeper

# Install Gatekeeper via Helm
helm repo add gatekeeper https://open-policy-agent.github.io/gatekeeper/charts
helm install gatekeeper gatekeeper/gatekeeper \
  --namespace gatekeeper-system --create-namespace \
  --set replicas=3 \
  --set audit.replicas=1 \
  --set audit.writeToRAMDisk=true

Step 2: Create Constraint Templates

# templates/k8s-required-labels.yaml
apiVersion: templates.gatekeeper.sh/v1
kind: ConstraintTemplate
metadata:
  name: k8srequiredlabels
spec:
  crd:
    spec:
      names:
        kind: K8sRequiredLabels
      validation:
        openAPIV3Schema:
          type: object
          properties:
            labels:
              type: array
              items:
                type: string
  targets:
    - target: admission.k8s.gatekeeper.sh
      rego: |
        package k8srequiredlabels
        violation[{"msg": msg}] {
          provided := {label | input.review.object.metadata.labels[label]}
          required := {label | label := input.parameters.labels[_]}
          missing := required - provided
          count(missing) > 0
          msg := sprintf("Missing required labels: %v", [missing])
        }

---
# templates/k8s-container-limits.yaml
apiVersion: templates.gatekeeper.sh/v1
kind: ConstraintTemplate
metadata:
  name: k8scontainerlimits
spec:
  crd:
    spec:
      names:
        kind: K8sContainerLimits
      validation:
        openAPIV3Schema:
          type: object
          properties:
            cpu:
              type: string
            memory:
              type: string
  targets:
    - target: admission.k8s.gatekeeper.sh
      rego: |
        package k8scontainerlimits
        violation[{"msg": msg}] {
          container := input.review.object.spec.containers[_]
          not container.resources.limits.cpu
          msg := sprintf("Container %v has no CPU limit", [container.name])
        }
        violation[{"msg": msg}] {
          container := input.review.object.spec.containers[_]
          not container.resources.limits.memory
          msg := sprintf("Container %v has no memory limit", [container.name])
        }

---
# templates/k8s-block-privileged.yaml
apiVersion: templates.gatekeeper.sh/v1
kind: ConstraintTemplate
metadata:
  name: k8sblockprivileged
spec:
  crd:
    spec:
      names:
        kind: K8sBlockPrivileged
  targets:
    - target: admission.k8s.gatekeeper.sh
      rego: |
        package k8sblockprivileged
        violation[{"msg": msg}] {
          container := input.review.object.spec.containers[_]
          container.securityContext.privileged == true
          msg := sprintf("Privileged container not allowed: %v", [container.name])
        }
        violation[{"msg": msg}] {
          container := input.review.object.spec.initContainers[_]
          container.securityContext.privileged == true
          msg := sprintf("Privileged init container not allowed: %v", [container.name])
        }

Step 3: Apply Constraints

# constraints/require-labels.yaml
apiVersion: constraints.gatekeeper.sh/v1beta1
kind: K8sRequiredLabels
metadata:
  name: require-team-labels
spec:
  enforcementAction: deny
  match:
    kinds:
      - apiGroups: [""]
        kinds: ["Namespace"]
      - apiGroups: ["apps"]
        kinds: ["Deployment", "StatefulSet"]
    excludedNamespaces:
      - kube-system
      - gatekeeper-system
  parameters:
    labels:
      - "team"
      - "environment"
      - "cost-center"

---
# constraints/block-privileged.yaml
apiVersion: constraints.gatekeeper.sh/v1beta1
kind: K8sBlockPrivileged
metadata:
  name: block-privileged-containers
spec:
  enforcementAction: deny
  match:
    kinds:
      - apiGroups: [""]
        kinds: ["Pod"]
      - apiGroups: ["apps"]
        kinds: ["Deployment", "DaemonSet", "StatefulSet"]
    excludedNamespaces:
      - kube-system

Step 4: Test Policies with conftest

# Install conftest
brew install conftest

# Test Kubernetes manifests against OPA policies locally
conftest test deployment.yaml --policy policies/ --output json

# Test Terraform against OPA policies
conftest test terraform/main.tf --policy policies/terraform/ --parser hcl2

# Test Dockerfiles
conftest test Dockerfile --policy policies/docker/

# policies/kubernetes/deny_latest_tag.rego
package kubernetes

deny[msg] {
  input.kind == "Deployment"
  container := input.spec.template.spec.containers[_]
  endswith(container.image, ":latest")
  msg := sprintf("Container %v uses :latest tag. Pin to specific version.", [container.name])
}

deny[msg] {
  input.kind == "Deployment"
  container := input.spec.template.spec.containers[_]
  not contains(container.image, ":")
  msg := sprintf("Container %v has no tag. Pin to specific version.", [container.name])
}

Step 5: Integrate Policy Testing in CI/CD

# .github/workflows/policy-test.yml
name: Policy Validation

on:
  pull_request:
    paths: ['k8s/**', 'terraform/**', 'policies/**']

jobs:
  conftest:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - name: Install conftest
        run: |
          wget -q https://github.com/open-policy-agent/conftest/releases/download/v0.50.0/conftest_0.50.0_Linux_x86_64.tar.gz
          tar xzf conftest_0.50.0_Linux_x86_64.tar.gz
          sudo mv conftest /usr/local/bin/
      - name: Test K8s manifests
        run: conftest test k8s/**/*.yaml --policy policies/kubernetes/ --output json
      - name: Test Terraform
        run: conftest test terraform/*.tf --policy policies/terraform/ --parser hcl2

Key Concepts

Term	Definition
OPA	Open Policy Agent — general-purpose policy engine using Rego language for policy decisions
Rego	OPA's declarative query language for writing policy rules
Gatekeeper	Kubernetes-native OPA integration implementing admission control via ConstraintTemplates
ConstraintTemplate	CRD defining the Rego policy logic and parameters schema for a class of constraints
Constraint	Instance of a ConstraintTemplate with specific parameters and scope (which resources to check)
Admission Controller	Kubernetes component that intercepts API requests before persistence and can allow or deny them
conftest	CLI tool for testing structured data (YAML, JSON, HCL) against OPA policies

Tools & Systems

• Open Policy Agent (OPA): General-purpose policy engine for unified policy enforcement
• Gatekeeper: Kubernetes admission controller built on OPA with CRD-based configuration
• conftest: Testing framework for OPA policies against configuration files
• Kyverno: Alternative Kubernetes policy engine using YAML-based policies (no Rego required)
• Styra DAS: Commercial OPA management platform with policy authoring, testing, and distribution

Common Scenarios

Scenario: Enforcing Container Security Standards Across Clusters

Context: Multiple development teams deploy to shared Kubernetes clusters. Some teams run privileged containers and images without resource limits, causing security and stability issues.

Approach:

1. Deploy Gatekeeper on all clusters via GitOps (Helm chart in a FluxCD repository)
2. Create ConstraintTemplates for: no privileged containers, required resource limits, required labels, no latest tag
3. Start with enforcementAction: warn to identify violations without blocking deployments
4. Notify teams of violations and provide a 2-week remediation window
5. Switch to enforcementAction: deny after the remediation period
6. Add excludedNamespaces for kube-system and monitoring namespaces

Pitfalls: Deploying Gatekeeper with deny mode immediately can break existing workloads. Always start with warn mode. Overly restrictive policies without exemptions for system namespaces can prevent cluster components from functioning.

Output Format

OPA Policy Evaluation Report
==============================
Cluster: production-east
Date: 2026-02-23
Gatekeeper Version: 3.16.0

CONSTRAINT SUMMARY:
  K8sRequiredLabels:        12 violations (warn)
  K8sBlockPrivileged:        0 violations (deny)
  K8sContainerLimits:        8 violations (deny)
  K8sBlockLatestTag:         3 violations (deny)

BLOCKED DEPLOYMENTS (deny):
  [K8sContainerLimits] deployment/api-server in ns/payments
    - Container 'api' has no memory limit
  [K8sBlockLatestTag] deployment/frontend in ns/web
    - Container 'nginx' uses :latest tag

AUDIT VIOLATIONS (warn):
  [K8sRequiredLabels] namespace/staging
    - Missing labels: {cost-center}

Verification Criteria

Confirm successful execution by validating:

• [ ] All prerequisite tools and access requirements are satisfied
• [ ] Each workflow step completed without errors
• [ ] Output matches expected format and contains expected data
• [ ] No security warnings or misconfigurations detected
• [ ] Results are documented and evidence is preserved for audit

Compliance Framework Mapping

This skill supports compliance evidence collection across multiple frameworks:

• SOC 2: CC8.1 (Change Management), CC6.1 (Logical Access)
• ISO 27001: A.14.2 (Secure Development), A.12.1 (Operational Procedures)
• NIST 800-53: SA-11 (Developer Testing), CM-3 (Configuration Change Control), SA-15 (Development Process)
• NIST CSF: PR.IP (Information Protection), PR.DS (Data Security)

Claw GRC Tip: When this skill is executed by a registered agent, compliance evidence is automatically captured and mapped to the relevant controls in your active frameworks.

Deploying This Skill with Claw GRC

Agent Execution

Register this skill with your Claw GRC agent for automated execution:

# Install via CLI
npx claw-grc skills add implementing-policy-as-code-with-open-policy-agent

# Or load dynamically via MCP
grc.load_skill("implementing-policy-as-code-with-open-policy-agent")

Audit Trail Integration

When executed through Claw GRC, every step of this skill generates tamper-evident audit records:

• SHA-256 chain hashing ensures no step can be modified after execution
• Evidence artifacts (configs, scan results, logs) are automatically attached to relevant controls
• Trust score impact — successful execution increases your agent's trust score

Continuous Compliance

Schedule this skill for recurring execution to maintain continuous compliance posture. Claw GRC monitors for drift and alerts when re-execution is needed.